Pain Relief Medications

Painkillers work in different ways depending on their type. Some work by blocking pain signals from reaching the brain, others reduce the chemicals in the body, called prostaglandins, that cause pain, swelling and fever at the site of an injury, and stronger, prescription-only options work directly on the central nervous system to change how pain is perceived. Because they work differently, some types can be used together for extra relief, while others should not be combined. If you are unsure which combination is right for you, ask a pharmacist.

Most over-the-counter painkillers start to take effect within 30 minutes to an hour, though this varies depending on the type, the dose, and whether it is taken with food. Topical options applied to the skin, such as gels, generally take longer to build up an effect, often a day or two of regular use. If a painkiller has not helped after the time stated on the packet, do not take an extra dose early. Wait until your next one is due and speak to a pharmacist if the pain continues.

Some combination painkillers, which pair two active ingredients that work in different ways, are among the strongest options available without a prescription, and are intended for short-term use when standard, single-ingredient painkillers have not been enough. They are not suitable for everyone, so it is worth speaking to a pharmacist about which strength and type is appropriate for your pain before buying.

Painkillers generally fall into a few broad categories. Everyday painkillers work by reducing pain signals or lowering fever, anti-inflammatory painkillers also reduce swelling and are often used for muscle and joint pain, and stronger, opioid-based painkillers work directly on the nervous system and are usually reserved for pain that has not responded to other options. Topical treatments, applied directly to the skin, are also available for localised pain such as muscle strains and joint pain. A pharmacist can help you work out which type suits your symptoms.

Many painkillers can interact with other medicines, including some antidepressants, blood pressure medicines, blood thinners and treatments for long-term conditions such as epilepsy or inflammatory bowel disease. Some combinations are not recommended, while others simply need a lower dose or extra monitoring. Always check the patient information leaflet and let a pharmacist know about any other medicines you are taking, including prescription and over-the-counter, before starting a new painkiller.

Some pain relief is considered suitable during pregnancy when used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest time needed, while other types are generally not recommended, particularly later in pregnancy. What is safe can also depend on how far along you are and any other health conditions you have. If you are pregnant and need pain relief, speak to your GP, midwife or a pharmacist before taking anything.

Toothache is usually caused by inflammation, decay or infection, so pain relief can help manage discomfort while you wait to see a dentist, but it will not treat the underlying cause. A pharmacist can recommend a suitable option based on your symptoms and any other medicines you take, but persistent or worsening toothache, swelling, or fever alongside dental pain should always be checked by a dentist as soon as possible.

Yes. Dentists in the UK can prescribe a range of medicines, including painkillers, where they are clinically appropriate for treating dental pain or infection. If your toothache is severe or does not improve with over-the-counter pain relief, book an appointment with your dentist rather than relying on painkillers alone.

Yes, some types of painkillers, particularly stronger, opioid-based options, are well known for causing constipation, and this can happen even with short-term use. Staying hydrated, eating enough fibre and staying as active as you comfortably can may help. If constipation is severe, or you are taking a painkiller regularly, speak to a pharmacist about safe ways to manage it.

It is generally best to avoid alcohol while taking painkillers, as it can increase the risk of side effects such as stomach irritation, drowsiness or, in some cases, strain on the liver, and can make certain painkillers less predictable. Always check the label or patient information leaflet for specific advice, and ask a pharmacist if you are unsure.

Contact 111, your GP or go to your nearest A&E straight away, even if you feel well, as some painkillers can cause serious harm before symptoms appear. Take the packaging or leaflet with you so healthcare professionals know exactly what has been taken. Do not wait to see if symptoms develop before seeking help.